Recent reports have reignited concerns about the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly known as “forever chemicals,” in certain infant formulas. While regulators and manufacturers have made progress in reducing these contaminants, some products still contain trace levels. This Q&A explores the facts behind PFAS in infant formula, the associated risks, and what parents should know to make informed choices.
What Are PFAS and Why Are They Called “Forever Chemicals”?
PFAS are a group of thousands of synthetic chemicals used since the 1940s in products that resist heat, oil, stains, and water—such as nonstick cookware, waterproof clothing, and food packaging. Their carbon-fluorine bonds are extremely strong, meaning they do not break down easily in the environment or the human body, earning them the nickname “forever chemicals.” Studies have linked PFAS exposure to various health issues, including immune system suppression, liver damage, thyroid disease, and certain cancers. Because they persist and accumulate, even low-level, long-term exposure can be concerning, especially for infants whose bodies are still developing.
How Do PFAS Get Into Infant Formula?
PFAS can enter infant formula through multiple pathways. The primary source is contamination of the water used to reconstitute powdered formula, but the formula itself may also contain PFAS. Milk or soy-based ingredients from animals or crops exposed to contaminated soil or water can carry these chemicals. Additionally, packaging materials treated with PFAS to prevent leaks or grease can leach into the formula. Manufacturing equipment and processing aids may also introduce PFAS. Because these chemicals are so widespread in the environment, it is challenging to eliminate them entirely from the supply chain.
Which Infant Formula Brands Have Been Found to Contain PFAS?
Independent testing by organizations such as the Environmental Working Group (EWG) and Consumer Reports has detected PFAS in several popular brands, including both store-brand and name-brand formulas. For instance, tests have found low levels of PFAS in products from Similac, Enfamil, and store brands like Parent’s Choice. However, levels vary widely between batches and production lots. It’s important to note that most formulas meet current FDA safety limits, but some advocates argue these limits are outdated. The FDA continues to monitor the situation, and some manufacturers have taken steps to reduce PFAS in their products.
Are There Regulations Limiting PFAS in Baby Formula?
Currently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not set a specific legal limit for PFAS in infant formula. Instead, it relies on general safety assessments and action levels for food contaminants. The agency has established a “level of concern” for certain PFAS compounds in food, typically around 0.1 parts per billion (ppb) for some chemicals. However, critics say this threshold is too high for vulnerable populations like infants. In 2022, the FDA announced a voluntary phase-out of PFAS used in food packaging, but this does not cover contamination from other sources. Several states have proposed stricter limits, but federal regulation remains piecemeal.
What Are the Health Risks of PFAS for Infants?
Infants are particularly vulnerable to PFAS because their bodies are growing rapidly and their detoxification systems are immature. Studies in animals and humans have linked early-life PFAS exposure to lower birth weight, delayed development, reduced immune response to vaccines, and hormonal disruptions. The chemicals can also cross the placenta and accumulate in breast milk. While the levels found in formula are generally low, chronic exposure over months can add up. Pediatricians emphasize that the benefits of formula feeding for many families outweigh the potential risks, especially when safe alternatives are limited. Reducing overall PFAS exposure from all sources—including water, food, and household products—is the best approach.
What Should Parents Do If They’re Concerned About PFAS in Formula?
Parents worried about PFAS in infant formula have several options. First, check for any recent recalls or advisories from the FDA or manufacturers. Consider alternating between different brands or types (powder vs. ready-to-feed) to reduce consistent exposure from one source. Use filtered water (certified to reduce PFAS) to prepare formula—boiling water does not remove these chemicals. Breastfeeding, if possible, reduces PFAS exposure compared to formula, though breast milk can also contain low levels. For families relying on formula, experts advise not to stop feeding it because the benefits of adequate nutrition outweigh the uncertain risks. Finally, support policies that demand stricter PFAS limits and better transparency from manufacturers.
How Does PFAS in Formula Compare to Levels in Breast Milk?
Both breast milk and infant formula can contain PFAS, though sources differ. Breast milk carries PFAS previously accumulated in the mother’s body from diet and environment. Formula may contain PFAS from ingredients, water, or packaging. Studies show that formula-fed infants often have higher PFAS serum levels than breastfed infants in regions with contaminated water, but the reverse can be true if the mother has high exposure. The variability makes it hard to generalize. Importantly, the American Academy of Pediatrics still recommends breastfeeding as the best nutrition, but acknowledges that formula is a safe and healthy alternative. Reducing maternal PFAS exposure before and during pregnancy can lower levels in breast milk.